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ATONEMENT

(See also REDEMPTION; PROPITIATION; RECONCILIATION; SALVATION)

In OT usage the term atonement (Heb. root kaphar) indicates a ransom that is generally a sacrificial offering to God as a substitute for human sin (Leviticus 4:20; 16; 17:11). In its doctrinal sense atonement refers to the substitutionary death of Christ in providing salvation for sinful man (Matthew 20:28; 2 Corinthians 5:21; Ephesians 1:7; 1 Peter 2:24-25; 3:18). Christ's atonement accomplishes redemption, propitiation, and reconciliation in man's relation to God (Romans 3:24-26; 2 Corinthians 5:18-20; 2 Peter 2:1; 1 John 2:2).

in OT history:

objects of atonement

♦ for the Aaronic priesthood

• Exodus 29:33, 36-37; Leviticus 8:34; 9:7

♦ for the altar of incense

• Exodus 30:10

♦ for each male twenty or over

• Exodus 30:14-16

♦ for forgiveness of sin

• Exodus 32:30; Leviticus 4:20, 26, 31, 35; 5:10, 13; 16:30; Numbers 15:28

♦ for the altar of sacrifice

• Leviticus 8:15; 16:18-20

♦ for the people of Israel

• Leviticus 9:7; 16:17, 24, 30; Numbers 8:19; 15:25-28; Deuteronomy 32:43; 1 Chronicles 6:49; 2 Chronicles 29:24; Nehemiah 10:33

♦ for motherhood

• Leviticus 12:7-8

♦ for lepers

• Leviticus 14:18-21

♦ for a house

• Leviticus 14:53

♦ for Aaron and his household

• Leviticus 16:6, 11

♦ for the holy place

• Leviticus 16:16, 20

♦ for a defiled Nazirite

• Numbers 6:11

♦ for the Levites

• Numbers 8:12, 21

♦ for the plague

• Numbers 16:46-47

♦ for Israel's land

• Deuteronomy 32:43

♦ for Israel's sin against the Gibeonites

• 2 Samuel 21:3

means of atonement

♦ by money

• Exodus 30:15-16

♦ by Moses' intercession

• Exodus 32:30

♦ by the burnt offering

• Leviticus 1:4; 5:10

♦ by the priesthood

• Leviticus 1:5; 16:32; 19:22

♦ by the sin offering

• Leviticus 4:20; 6:30; Numbers 28:22, 30; 29:5, 11

♦ by the guilt offering

• Leviticus 5:6

♦ by the scapegoat

• Leviticus 16:10

♦ by the blood

• Leviticus 17:11

♦ by offering of a ram

• Numbers 5:8

♦ by Phinehas

• Numbers 25:11-13

♦ by offering valuables

• Numbers 31:50

♦ the day of atonement

• Leviticus 16:1-34

♦ in OT prophecy

• Ezekiel 43:20, 26; 45:15, 17, 20; Daniel 9:24

in biblical doctrine:

atonement typified in OT offerings

(See also CHRIST, types of)

♦ garments of animal skin

• Genesis 3:21 (cf. Isaiah 61:10)

♦ Abel's offering

• Genesis 4:4 (cf. Hebrews 11:4)

♦ Noah's offering

• Genesis 8:20-22 (cf. Ephesians 5:2)

♦ Abraham's offering of the ram

• Genesis 22:13-14 (cf. Zechariah 13:7); Romans 8:32

♦ the passover lamb

• Exodus 12:1-28; Isaiah 53:7 (cf. John 1:29); 1 Corinthians 5:7; 1 Peter 1:18-19; Revelation 5:6

♦ the levitical offerings

• Leviticus 1-7

♦ the red heifer

• Numbers 19 (cf. 1 John 1:7, 9)

♦ the day of atonement

• Leviticus 16 (cf. Hebrews 9:6-12)

♦ the tabernacle

(See also TABERNACLE)

• Exodus 25-40 (cf. Hebrews 7:11-10:22)

atonement accomplished through Christ's sacrificial death

(See also CHRIST, sufferings and substitutionary death of)

♦ in OT prophecy

• Psalms 22; Isaiah 53; Daniel 9:24; Zechariah 13:1, 7

♦ in NT teaching

• Matthew 20:28; 26:28; Luke 24:46-47; John 1:29; 6:51; 10:11, 17-18; Romans 3:24-26; 4:25; 5:6-21; 1 Corinthians 1:23, 30; 11:23-26; 15:3-4; 2 Corinthians 5:18-21; Galatians 1:4; 3:13-14; 4:4-5; Ephesians 1:7; 2:13-17; 5:2; Colossians 1:20-22; I Thessalonians 5:9-10; 1 Timothy 2:5-6; Titus 2:14; 3:4-7; Hebrews 1:3; 2:9, 17; 7:26-27; 9:13, 14-15, 25-26, 28; 10:10, 12, 14, 19-20; 12:24; 13:12, 20; 1 Peter 1:18-19; 2:24-25; 3:18; 1 John 1:7; 2:2; 3:5; 4:10; Revelation 1:5; 5:6, 9; 7:14; 12:11; 13:8

♦ in NT prophecy

• John 11:50-51

♦ for OT saints

• Romans 3:25; Hebrews 9:15 (cf. 10:4)

♦ ineffective by human effort

• Psalms 49:7-8; Isaiah 47:11; Titus 3:5

This topic is from the Lockman Foundation.

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